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Upsc prelims
17 de mai. de 2026, 16:54
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Upsc prelims
17 de mai. de 2026, 16:54
🔆 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell (CAR-T) Therapy
📍 Context
✅ The Technology Development Board (TDB) entered into an agreement under the Indo-Singapore collaborative framework to develop treatment for Multiple Myeloma (an incurable blood cancer) using CAR-T Cell Therapy.
📍 About CAR-T Cell Therapy
✅ CAR-T therapy is known as a “living drug” because it uses the patient’s own living immune cells.
✅ It is a form of immunotherapy that genetically modifies T-cells to fight cancer more effectively.
📍 What are T-Cells?
✅ T-cells are a type of white blood cell responsible for destroying infected or abnormal cells.
✅ Their primary function is cytotoxic action — killing harmful cells.
📍 How CAR-T Therapy Works
✅ T-cells are extracted from the patient’s blood.
✅ In the laboratory, scientists insert a gene that produces a special receptor called Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR).
✅ These modified cells are multiplied and infused back into the patient.
✅ CAR proteins help T-cells identify and bind to specific proteins on cancer cells, enabling targeted destruction.
📍 Significance
✅ Offers targeted treatment for blood cancers like:
◦ Leukemia
◦ Lymphoma
◦ Multiple Myeloma
✅ Reduces damage to normal cells compared to traditional chemotherapy.
✅ Represents a major advancement in personalised cancer therapy.
📍 Challenges
✅ Very expensive and technologically complex.
✅ Risk of severe immune reactions such as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS).
✅ Limited accessibility in developing countries.
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSChttps://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
Upsc prelims
17 de mai. de 2026, 16:54
🔆 Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS)
📍 Context
✅ The Endocrine Society has renamed Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) as Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) through a global medical consensus.
📍 About PMOS
✅ PMOS is a hormonal and metabolic disorder affecting:
◦ Endocrine functions
◦ Metabolism
◦ Ovulation
◦ Overall women’s health
📍 Key Features
✅ Hormonal & Metabolic Disorder:
◦ Strongly linked with insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes risk, and metabolic complications.
✅ Major Symptoms:
◦ Irregular or absent menstruation
◦ Excess androgen hormones
◦ Acne and facial hair growth
◦ Weight gain and difficulty losing weight
◦ Fertility-related issues
✅ Broader Health Impact:
◦ Raises risk of:
▪ Type-2 Diabetes
▪ Hypertension
▪ Heart disease
▪ Fatty liver disease
▪ Sleep disorders
▪ Depression and anxiety
✅ Reproductive & Psychological Effects:
◦ Ovulatory dysfunction and infertility
◦ Pregnancy complications
◦ Mental health concerns and reduced quality of life
✅ Diagnosis Challenges:
◦ Often underdiagnosed as symptoms vary widely and are mistaken for cosmetic or lifestyle issues.
📍 Indian Scenario
✅ Rising prevalence among adolescents and urban women.
✅ Studies estimate prevalence between 3.7% to over 22% in India.
📍 Why the Name Change?
✅ Earlier term misleading:
◦ Many affected women do not develop ovarian cysts.
✅ New term reflects multisystem nature:
◦ Highlights involvement of hormonal, metabolic, reproductive, and long-term health systems.
📍 Significance
✅ Encourages a more holistic diagnosis and treatment approach instead of focusing only on ovarian symptoms.
✅ Improves awareness regarding women’s metabolic and reproductive health.
#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
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🔆 Santhali Language
📍 About
✅ One of India’s most ancient living tribal languages.
✅ Primarily spoken by the Santhal community.
✅ Recognised in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
📍 Origin
✅ Belongs to the Munda branch of the Austroasiatic language family.
✅ Distinct from Indo-European languages.
✅ Traditionally preserved through:
◦ Oral literature
◦ Folk songs
◦ Folklore
◦ Rituals
✅ Developed its own script Ol Chiki in 1925 by Pandit Raghunath Murmu.
📍 Current Status
✅ Included in the Eighth Schedule through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003.
✅ Spoken by nearly 7 million people.
✅ Major regions:
◦ Jharkhand
◦ Odisha
◦ West Bengal
◦ Bihar
◦ Also spoken in Nepal and Bangladesh
📍 Key Features
✅ Distinct Script – Ol Chiki
◦ Scientific and phonetic script designed specifically for Santhali sounds.
✅ Austroasiatic Linguistic Traits
◦ Agglutinative structure
◦ Tonal elements
◦ Extensive suffix-based word formation
✅ Shares similarities with related Munda languages like:
◦ Ho
◦ Mundari
✅ Strong Oral Tradition
◦ Rich heritage of myths, storytelling, and folk songs preserving Santhal culture and ecology.
✅ Cultural Identity Marker
◦ Language and script symbolize tribal identity, dignity, and social cohesion.
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#art_and_culture
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🔆 Model Question (GS-1 / Art & Culture)
Q. The sculptors filled the Chandella artform with resilient vigor and breadth of life. Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words)
📍 Introduction
✅ The Chandella dynasty (9th–13th century) ruled central India and made outstanding contributions to temple architecture and sculpture, especially at Khajuraho. Their sculptors infused stone with vitality, realism and a holistic vision of life.
📍 Body
✅ Dynamism and Movement:
Figures are shown in graceful tribhanga postures, rhythmic gestures and expressive stances, creating a sense of motion and pulsating energy, as seen in the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple sculptures.
✅ Religious & Mythological Themes:
Deities like Shiva, Vishnu and Devi, along with episodes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata, enrich the spiritual narrative while reflecting kama, artha and dharma ideals.
✅ Intricate Detailing & Realism:
Fine carving of ornaments, drapery, hairstyles and facial expressions demonstrates anatomical accuracy and artistic mastery.
✅ Breadth of Life Representation:
Apart from gods, sculptures depict dancers, musicians, warriors, couples and daily life scenes, symbolising the interconnectedness of sacred and secular worlds.
📍 Conclusion
Thus, Chandella sculpture combines sensuality, spirituality and realism, producing a vibrant artistic tradition that celebrates life as a manifestation of divine energy, ensuring its timeless cultural significance.
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
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Upsc prelims
28 de mar. de 2026, 03:10
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Upsc prelims
28 de mar. de 2026, 03:10
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Upsc prelims
28 de mar. de 2026, 03:10
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Upsc prelims
28 de mar. de 2026, 03:10
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🔆 Vishwakarma Cave (Barabar Hills)
📍 Location & Period
✅ Located in Barabar Hills, Jehanabad district, Bihar
✅ Dates to Mauryan period (3rd century BCE)
📍 Other Name
✅ Also known as Vishwamitra Cave
📍 Architectural Features
✅ Comprises two rectangular chambers
✅ Front chamber is open like an extended porch/verandah
✅ Rock-cut from solid granite with characteristic Mauryan polish
📍 Access
✅ Approach through the famous “Ashoka Steps” carved into the cliff
📍 Historical Significance
✅ Emperor Ashoka dedicated the cave to the Ajivika sect in the 12th year of his reign (~260 BCE)
✅ Only cave in the Barabar group without inscriptions from the post-Ashokan period
✅ Later, Ashoka also dedicated the nearby Karan Chaupar Cave
📍 Importance
➡️ Among the earliest examples of Indian rock-cut architecture
➡️ Reflects state patronage of heterodox sects (Ajivikas) during Mauryan rule
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
Upsc prelims
28 de mar. de 2026, 03:10
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Upsc prelims
25 de mar. de 2026, 07:39
📷 Photo
🔆 Place in News: South Sudan (Capital: Juba)
📍 Why in News
✅ Violence escalated in Jonglei State, highlighting ongoing instability and humanitarian concerns.
📍 Political Features
✅ Location: Landlocked country in East Africa.
✅ Bordering Countries:
• Sudan (North)
• Ethiopia (East)
• Kenya, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo (South)
• Central African Republic (West)
📍 Conflict-Prone Regions
✅ Abyei Region – Disputed area between Sudan and South Sudan.
✅ Equatoria Region – Ethnic tensions and armed clashes.
✅ Upper Nile Region – Strategic oil-producing area with recurring violence.
✅ Warrap & Lakes States – Inter-communal conflicts and cattle-raiding violence.
📍 Geographical Features (Quick Facts)
✅ Dominated by vast swamps (Sudd wetlands) and savannah grasslands.
✅ White Nile River flows through the country, shaping agriculture and settlements.
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Upsc prelims
25 de mar. de 2026, 07:39
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Upsc prelims
25 de mar. de 2026, 07:39
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🔆 Citadel Structures of the Indus Valley Civilization
📍 Overview
✅ The citadel was the elevated fortified part of Harappan cities.
✅ It comprised important public and administrative buildings such as the Great Bath, Granaries and Pillared Assembly Halls.
📍 Great Bath (Mohenjodaro)
✅ Considered one of the finest examples of ancient hydraulic engineering.
✅ Suggests importance of public bathing and ritualistic cleansing.
✅ Structure:
• Located at the centre of a large open quadrangle surrounded by rooms.
• Flights of steps at both ends connected the tank to surrounding rooms.
• Water Supply: Fed by a nearby well.
• Drainage: Dirty water discharged through a large corbelled drain into the city’s advanced sewage system.
📍 Granaries (Harappa & Mohenjodaro)
✅ Largest structures in several Harappan cities → used for grain storage.
✅ Indicate state control over food surplus, ceremonial storage, and regulation of production and trade.
📌 Granary of Mohenjodaro
✅ Located on the citadel mound.
✅ Built with 27 brick blocks intersected by ventilation channels.
✅ Had brick loading bays below for lifting grain into storage.
⚠️ Some scholars debate its exact function, but it was clearly an important public structure.
📌 Great Granary of Harappa
✅ Consisted of two rows of six granaries built on brick platforms.
✅ Nearby circular brick floors likely used for threshing grain.
✅ Discovery of wheat and barley chaff confirms its agricultural linkage.
📍 Pillared Assembly Hall (Mohenjodaro)
✅ A hall with 20 pillars arranged in rows of five, supporting a large roof.
✅ Possibly used as a court, administrative secretariat, or public assembly space.
📍 Historical Significance
✅ Reflects advanced urban planning, storage systems, and civic administration.
✅ Shows existence of organized authority and surplus economy in the Indus Valley Civilization.
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
