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UPSC History

May 13, 2026, 05:29 PM

🔆 Imperialism

✅ Imperialism refers to a policy of extending a nation’s dominance over other territories through political, economic, military, or cultural control.
✅ It gained momentum during the Industrial Revolution, when industrialized nations used technological superiority to expand influence over weaker regions.
✅ Example: British expansion in India.

📍 Concept of Imperialism
✅ Territorial Acquisition & Dominance: Colonies were acquired for economic and strategic advantage.
◦ Example: British colonization of India and Africa.

✅ Economic Exploitation: Colonies supplied raw materials and markets for industrial powers.
◦ Example: Belgium’s exploitation of Congo for rubber and ivory.
◦ Britain is estimated to have drained nearly $45 trillion from India during colonial rule.

✅ Cultural Superiority & Assimilation: Imperial powers imposed their language, education, and culture.
◦ Example: Promotion of English education in India.

✅ Strategic Geopolitical Control: Colonies were used for military and trade advantages.
◦ Example: British control over Singapore.

📍 Types of Imperialism
✅ Colony: Territory directly ruled by another country.
✅ Protectorate: Territory with its own government but under foreign control.
✅ Sphere of Influence: Area where a foreign power exercises political/economic influence.
✅ Economic Imperialism: Indirect domination through trade, finance, or business control.

🔆 Imperialism & Industrial Revolution

📍 Economic Linkages
✅ Demand for Raw Materials:
◦ British textile industry depended heavily on cotton from colonies like India and Egypt.

✅ Search for Markets:
◦ Colonies became markets for industrial goods produced in Europe.

✅ Infrastructure for Economic Gains:
◦ Projects like the Suez Canal improved maritime trade routes.

✅ Financial Institutions:
◦ Banks like HSBC financed imperial trade and infrastructure projects.

📍 Technological Advancements Used for Control
✅ Superior Firearms:
◦ Weapons like the Maxim Gun gave military superiority to colonizers.

✅ Scientific Exploration:
◦ Botanical gardens aided exploitation of plant resources and bioprospecting.

✅ Telegraph Networks:
◦ Enabled centralized administration and faster communication across colonies.

✅ Medical Advancements:
◦ Discovery of quinine helped Europeans survive in malaria-prone regions.

✅ Standardization of Time:
◦ Adoption of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) improved imperial coordination.

✅ Railways & Transportation:
◦ Railways enabled troop movement and resource extraction.

✅ Steamships & Maritime Innovations:
◦ Increased European penetration into Africa and Asia.

📍 Impact of Imperialism
✅ Expansion of global trade networks
✅ Exploitation of colonies and drain of wealth
✅ Spread of Western education and culture
✅ Rise of anti-colonial nationalism
✅ Restructuring of global political and economic systems

#history #prelims #mains

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582

UPSC History

May 13, 2026, 05:29 PM

📷 Photo

🔆 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) & Census 2025

📍Context
✅ MoTA asked RGI to enumerate PVTGs separately in upcoming Census.
✅ Aim → Better targeting for schemes like PM JANMAN (Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyay Maha Abhiyan).

📍Who are PVTGs?
✅ Sub-category of Scheduled Tribes (STs).
✅ Criteria:
- Declining/stagnant population
- Geographical isolation
- Pre-agrarian practices (hunting, gathering)
- Low literacy & poor socio-economic status
✅ Concept introduced after Dhebar Commission (1960–61).

📍Identification History
✅ 52 groups (1974–79, 5th FYP) → Later +23 → 75 PVTGs today.
✅ Spread across 18 states + Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

📍Legal/Constitutional Status
✅ ST lists are state-specific (Art. 342).
✅ Out of 75, 40 PVTGs scheduled as “single entry”.

📍Census & Enumeration
✅ So far → No separate enumeration (only under STs).
✅ Exception: 2011 Census separately counted Baigas (Madhya Pradesh).
✅ MoTA proposes household-level surveys for infrastructure & welfare gaps.

📍Population (2011 Census)
✅ Total: ~47.5 lakh PVTGs.
✅ Highest: Madhya Pradesh (~15.4 lakh)
✅ Maharashtra: ~6.7 lakh | Odisha: ~5.18 lakh
✅ Largest Tribe: Baiga (~4.1 lakh) | Smallest: North Sentinelese (~15 persons)
✅ 13 PVTGs with <1,000 population.

📍Policy Importance
✅ Enables precise targeting in welfare (health, education, livelihoods).
✅ May help re-categorize tribes if criteria outdated.
✅ Critical for long-term planning & bridging data gaps.

📍UPSC Civil Services Examination – Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims
Q.1 Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: (2019)
1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.
2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.
3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.
4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 1, 3 and 4
Ans: (c)

Mains
Q. What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? (2017)

Q. Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (2016)

#PVTGs #TribalDevelopment #UPSCPrelims #UPSCMains

UPSC History

May 13, 2026, 05:29 PM

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UPSC History

May 13, 2026, 05:29 PM

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UPSC History

May 13, 2026, 05:29 PM

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UPSC History

May 13, 2026, 05:29 PM

📷 Photo

🔆 Iranian Invasion of India

📍 Background
✅ The Achaemenian rulers of Iran invaded India in the 6th century BCE during the reign of King Darius I.
✅ In 516 BCE, Darius conquered regions of the North-West Frontier Province, Sindh, and Punjab.
✅ These territories remained under Persian control until the invasion of Alexander.

📍 Condition of India at that Time
✅ North-East India: Gradually unified under the rising Magadhan Empire.
✅ North-West India: Politically fragmented with small kingdoms like:
◦ Kambojas
◦ Gandharas
◦ Madras

✅ Lack of a strong central power made the region vulnerable.
✅ Fertile land, rich resources, and easy access through Hindu Kush passes attracted foreign invaders.

📍 The Invasion
✅ Darius I annexed Punjab (west of Indus) and Sindh in 516 BCE.
✅ The conquered region became the 20th Satrapy (province) of the Persian Empire.
✅ Indian soldiers were recruited into the Persian army.
✅ Xerxes, successor of Darius, used Indian troops in wars against Greece.

📍 Impact of Iranian Invasion

✅ Political Impact
◦ Exposed weaknesses of North-West Indian defence
◦ Paved the way for Alexander’s invasion
◦ Introduced the Satrap system, later adopted by Sakas and Kushanas
◦ Highlighted the need for a strong unified empire

✅ Trade & Economic Impact
◦ Increased Indo-Persian trade relations
◦ Indian merchants gained access to the vast Persian markets
◦ Persian goods entered India more smoothly

✅ Cultural Exchange
◦ Intellectual interaction between Indian and Persian scholars
◦ Greater cultural integration and exchange of ideas

✅ Impact on Art & Architecture
◦ Persian influence visible in Mauryan art and architecture
◦ Ashoka adopted the Persian tradition of issuing inscriptions on stone pillars
◦ Indians learnt advanced stone polishing techniques

✅ Kharosthi Script
◦ Aramaic script introduced by Persians evolved into Kharosthi script
◦ Written from right to left
◦ Used in Ashokan inscriptions of North-West India

✅ Influence on Coinage
◦ Persian silver coins inspired Indian minting techniques
◦ Improved refinement and aesthetics of Indian coinage

🔆 Conclusion
✅ The Iranian invasion had limited direct political impact but deeply influenced Indian administration, trade, script, coinage, and art.
✅ It also indirectly opened the route for later foreign invasions, especially that of Alexander the Great.

#history #prelims #mains

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UPSC History

May 13, 2026, 05:29 PM

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UPSC History

May 13, 2026, 05:29 PM

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UPSC History

May 13, 2026, 05:29 PM

📷 Photo

🔆 Girmitiyas

📍 Context:
India’s External Affairs Minister is visiting Jamaica, Suriname, and Trinidad & Tobago, highlighting India’s deep historical and cultural ties through the Girmitiya communities.

📍 About Girmitiyas

▪ Meaning:
Girmitiyas were Indian indentured labourers who migrated to British colonies during the mid-to-late 19th century for plantation work.

▪ Timeline:
◦ Large-scale migration began after the British Slavery Abolition Act, 1833, which created labour shortages in colonies.

▪ Origin of the Term “Girmit”:
◦ Derived from the mispronunciation of the English word “Agreement”, referring to labour contracts signed by workers.

▪ Other Names:
◦ Also called Jahazis/Jahajis, symbolising their shared ship journey to foreign lands.

📍 Source Regions in India

▪ Most migrants came from:
◦ Eastern United Provinces (present-day Uttar Pradesh)
◦ Bihar

▪ Main reasons for migration:
◦ Poverty
◦ Unemployment
◦ Agrarian distress and poor agricultural conditions

📍 Major Destinations

▪ Caribbean:
◦ Trinidad & Tobago
◦ Guyana
◦ Suriname
◦ Jamaica

▪ Other Regions:
◦ Mauritius
◦ Fiji
◦ South Africa

📍 Key Features of Girmitiya Migration

▪ Migration Conditions:
◦ Though migration promised employment, workers often faced low wages, poor living conditions, and exploitation.

▪ Cultural Continuity:
◦ Preserved Indian traditions through festivals like:
▪ Diwali
▪ Ramleela
▪ Hosay

◦ Maintained folk music traditions using instruments like dholak and harmonium.

▪ Language and Identity:
◦ Languages such as Hindi, Bhojpuri, and Awadhi continue to influence cultural identity in countries like Mauritius, Fiji, and Suriname.

📍 Significance

▪ Girmitiya communities form a strong cultural bridge between India and the Indian diaspora across the Caribbean, Africa, and the Pacific.
▪ They symbolize resilience, cultural preservation, and the global spread of Indian heritage.

#history #prelims #mains

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UPSC History

May 13, 2026, 05:29 PM

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UPSC History

Apr 3, 2026, 01:45 PM

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UPSC History

Apr 3, 2026, 01:45 PM

📷 Photo

🔆 Shyamji Krishna Varma (1857–1930)

📍 Who was he?
✅ Shyamji Krishna Varma was a revolutionary, journalist and philanthropist.
✅ Born in Mandvi.

📍 Key Contributions
✅ Founded the Indian Home Rule Society in 1905 to encourage Indians to participate in revolutionary activities.

✅ Established India House in London.
➡️ It became a major centre for Indian revolutionaries abroad.

✅ Served as the first President of the Bombay Arya Samaj.

✅ Influenced prominent revolutionaries such as Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.

📍 Literary Contribution
✅ Published The Indian Sociologist to spread nationalist ideas and oppose British rule.

📍 Values
✅ Courage
✅ Patriotism
✅ Selfless Service
✅ Commitment to Freedom

#history #prelims #mains

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UPSC History

Apr 3, 2026, 01:45 PM

Subject wise channel

IR - https://t.me/UPSC_4_IR

Polity https://t.me/upsc_polity_Governance

Essay https://t.me/upsc_toppers_essay

Ethics https://t.me/Ethics_mindmap

Mapping https://t.me/Mapping_prelims_mains

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UPSC History

Apr 3, 2026, 01:45 PM

📷 Photo

🔆 Savitribai Phule (1831–1897)

📍 Who was she?
✅ Savitribai Phule was a pioneering social reformer, educator, poet and women’s rights activist from Maharashtra.
✅ She is regarded as India’s first female teacher and a leading figure against caste and gender discrimination in 19th-century India.

📍 Early Life
✅ Born on 3 January 1831 in Naigaon.
✅ Parents: Khandoji Neveshe Patil and Lakshmi.
✅ Married at a young age to Jyotirao Phule.
✅ Jyotirao educated her at home, after which she received teacher training in Pune and Ahmednagar.

📍 Major Contributions

✅ Pioneer of Women’s Education
➡️ In 1848, Savitribai and Jyotirao Phule established India’s first school for girls at Bhide Wada.
➡️ This challenged orthodox social norms that opposed female education.

✅ Education for Marginalised Communities
➡️ Opened schools for Dalits and backward castes.
➡️ Expanded access to education for oppressed communities.

✅ Fight Against Social Evils
➡️ Campaigned against:
• Child marriage
• Sati
• Caste discrimination
➡️ Supported widow remarriage.

✅ Women’s Empowerment
➡️ Founded the Mahila Seva Mandal to create awareness among women about their rights and social issues.

✅ Social Welfare Measures
➡️ Established Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha to prevent female infanticide and protect widows.

✅ Association with Reform Movement
➡️ Worked actively with Satyashodhak Samaj to fight caste oppression and promote equality.

📍 Literary Contributions
✅ Authored:
➡️ Kavya Phule
➡️ Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar

📍 Last Days
✅ During the 1897 bubonic plague outbreak, she and her adopted son Yashwantrao opened a clinic for patients.
✅ While serving the infected, she contracted the plague and died on 10 March 1897.

#history #prelims #mains

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UPSC History

Apr 3, 2026, 01:45 PM

Subject wise MCQ

Art culture - https://t.me/art_and_culture_mcq

Govt schemes- https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme_mcq

Science Technology- https://t.me/upsc_sci_tech_mcq

Environment - https://t.me/Upsc_Prelims_Environment_Mcqs

International relations - https://t.me/upsc_ir_mcq

922

UPSC History

Apr 3, 2026, 01:45 PM

🔆 Interim Government of India (1946–47)
📍 Period: 2 Sept 1946 – 15 Aug 1947
📍 Head: Jawaharlal Nehru

🏛️ Key Ministers & Portfolios

✅ Jawaharlal Nehru
• Vice-President, Executive Council
• External Affairs
• Commonwealth Relations

✅ Vallabhbhai Patel
• Home
• Information & Broadcasting

✅ Baldev Singh
• Defence

✅ C. Rajagopalachari
• Education

✅ C. H. Bhabha
• Works, Mines & Power

✅ Rajendra Prasad
• Agriculture & Food

✅ Jagjivan Ram
• Labour

✅ Asaf Ali
• Railways

🕌 Muslim League Members

✅ Liaquat Ali Khan
• Finance

✅ Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
• Commerce

✅ Abdur Rab Nishtar
• Communications

✅ Ghazanf ar Ali Khan
• Health

✅ Jogendra Nath Mandal
• Law

#history #prelims #mains

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893

UPSC History

Apr 3, 2026, 01:45 PM

🔆 Jagadguru Basaveshwara (1105–1167)

📍 Context
✅ Prime Minister paid tribute to Basaveshwara on the occasion of Basava Jayanti.

📍 About
✅ 12th-century Shaivite poet-saint and social reformer.
✅ Born in Karnataka.

📍 Religion & Movement
✅ Leader of the Lingayat sect within the Shiva-centred Bhakti movement.
✅ Founded the Lingayat tradition, which worships Shiva as the only deity.

📍 Timeline
✅ Active during the reign of the Kalyani Chalukya / Kalachuri dynasty.

📍 Social Reforms
✅ Advocated:
➡️ Social equality
➡️ Eradication of caste discrimination
➡️ Rational and ethical social life

📍 Core Beliefs
✅ Kayak → “Work is Worship”
✅ Dasoha → Equal sharing / distribution of wealth

📍 Literary & Cultural Contribution
✅ Inspired the Sharana movement through Vachanas (devotional-poetic compositions).
✅ His life and teachings are described in Basava Purana by Palkuriki Somanatha.

📍 Anubhava Mantapa
✅ Established “Anubhava Mantapa” – considered an early forum for philosophical discussion and experiential learning.

📍 Influence
✅ The idea of Bharat Mandapam is inspired by Anubhava Mantapa.
✅ A statue of Basaveshwara was inaugurated in London in 2015.

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UPSC History

Apr 3, 2026, 01:45 PM

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UPSC History

Apr 3, 2026, 01:45 PM

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UPSC History

Apr 3, 2026, 01:45 PM

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UPSC History

Mar 31, 2026, 11:40 AM

🔆 Important Chalcolithic Sites in India

📍 Ahar–Banas (Rajasthan)
✅ Evidence of smelting & metallurgy.
✅ Supplied copper tools to contemporary communities.
✅ Evidence of rice cultivation.
✅ Black-and-Red Ware pottery with white designs.

📍 Gilund (Rajasthan)
✅ Evidence of stone blade industry.
✅ Important centre of the Ahar culture.

📍 Navdatoli (Madhya Pradesh)
✅ Located on the Narmada River.
✅ Cultivated almost all major food grains.
✅ Round & rectangular houses.

📍 Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)
✅ Along Narmada River.
✅ Known for rich Chalcolithic ceramics.
✅ Evidence of spindle whorls (textile activity).

📍 Kayatha (Madhya Pradesh)
✅ Near Chambal River.
✅ Houses with mud-plastered floors.
✅ Pottery shows Pre-Harappan elements.
✅ Copper tools with sharp cutting edges.

📍 Daimabad (Maharashtra)
✅ Southern extension of Indus Valley influence.
✅ Largest Jorwe culture site in Godavari valley.
✅ Famous for bronze artifacts:
• Rhinoceros
• Elephant
• Two-wheeled chariot with rider
• Buffalo

📍 Songaon, Inamgaon & Nasik (Maharashtra)
✅ Large mud houses with ovens.
✅ Evidence of circular pit houses.
✅ Burial practice: Dead buried under house floors (North–South direction).

📍 Nevasa (Jorwe, Maharashtra) & Eran (Madhya Pradesh)
✅ Associated with Non-Harappan Chalcolithic culture.

📝 UPSC Prelims Focus
• Rivers linked – Narmada, Chambal, Godavari
• Culture – Ahar, Malwa, Jorwe
• Bronze artifacts – Daimabad
• Black-and-Red Ware – Ahar-Banas

📝 Conceptual Note
✅ Though Chalcolithic (Copper Age) generally predates Bronze cultures, in India some Harappan sites are older than certain Chalcolithic cultures.

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UPSC History

Mar 31, 2026, 11:40 AM

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UPSC History

Mar 31, 2026, 11:40 AM

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UPSC History

Mar 31, 2026, 11:40 AM

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UPSC History

Mar 31, 2026, 11:40 AM

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711

UPSC History

Mar 31, 2026, 11:40 AM

🔆 Re-looking India–Iran Historical & Civilizational Ties

📍 Context:
✅ India–Iran relations have deep historical, cultural and civilizational roots, reflected in administration, language, art, architecture and music.

📍 Early Persian Contacts & Invaders

✅ Cyrus (558–530 BCE)
➡️ First Achaemenid ruler to enter India → captured Gandhara region

✅ Darius I (522–486 BCE)
➡️ Conquered Indus Valley (518 BCE) → annexed Punjab & Sindh

🔆 Persian Influence on India

📍 Administration
✅ Achaemenian statecraft influenced governance under Chandragupta Maurya
✅ Persian remained official language in administration till British reforms (1830s)

📍 Literature & Language
✅ Similarities between Rigveda and Avesta
✅ Persian became official court language under Akbar (1582)
✅ Many Persian words integrated into Indian languages → kagaz, vakil, diwani, tahsil, mohalla

📍 Art
✅ Development of Mughal miniature painting
➡️ Persian artists like Abd al-Samad & Mir Sayyid Ali invited by Humayun

📍 Architecture
✅ Mauryan Period:
➡️ Use of Kharosthi script (Iranian origin)
➡️ Influence on Ashokan edicts

✅ Mughal Period:
➡️ Introduction of Charbagh garden style (symmetrical layout, water channels)
➡️ Reflected in monuments like Humayun’s Tomb and Taj Mahal

📍 Other Cultural Influences
✅ Music: Instruments like sitar, santur; forms like ghazal, qawwali
✅ Spiritual traditions: Spread of Sufism

📍 Conclusion
✅ India–Iran ties reflect a shared civilizational continuum, where Persian influences enriched Indian polity, culture and aesthetics, leaving a lasting legacy in multiple domains.

#history #prelims #mains

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UPSC History

Mar 31, 2026, 11:40 AM

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🔆 Humayun’s Tomb

📍 In News: The immersive exhibition ‘Songlines: Tracking the Seven Sisters’ is being showcased at the Humayun’s Tomb Museum.

📍 About Humayun’s Tomb

✅ UNESCO World Heritage Site (1993) — considered the first distinct example of mature Mughal architecture, inspired by Persian architectural traditions.

✅ Location: Delhi

✅ Commissioned by: Hamida Banu Begam (Haji Begam), widow of Mughal Emperor Humayun (construction began in 1569).

✅ Architect: Mirak Mirza Ghiyath, a Persian architect.

📍 Architectural Style
➡️ Represents a synthesis of Persian design and Indian building traditions.
➡️ Known as the “Dormitory of the Mughals” — over 150 Mughal family members are buried here.

📍 Key Features

✅ Charbagh Layout: Tomb placed at the centre of a square garden divided by water channels and pathways.

✅ Material: Built mainly of red sandstone with white marble borders and panels.

✅ Overall Structure:
➡️ Raised on a high terrace
➡️ Crowned with a 42.5 m high double dome
➡️ Surrounded by elegant chhatris

✅ Interior Plan:
➡️ Octagonal central chamber housing the cenotaph
➡️ Additional royal graves in surrounding chambers

📍 Historical Significance
➡️ Although Sikandar Lodi’s tomb was India’s first garden-tomb, Humayun’s Tomb set the architectural trend that later culminated in monuments like the Taj Mahal at Agra.

#history #prelims #mains

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UPSC History

Mar 31, 2026, 11:40 AM

Handle the present with confidence.

https://youtube.com/shorts/o76JkUqPTqc?si=-3iSG_2s1xnhCLbw

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UPSC History

Mar 31, 2026, 11:40 AM

🔆 Revolutionary Activities (Phase: 1907–17)

📍 The Anushilan Samiti (1902) – Bengal
✅ Founded by Promotha Mitter; included Jatindranath Banerjee & Barindra Kumar Ghosh
✅ Published Yugantar & Sandhya Prakash
✅ Promoted Swadeshi dacoities, physical training & moral education

📍 Attempt on Sir Fuller’s Life (1907) – Bengal
✅ Attempt by Yugantar on Lt. Governor Fuller
✅ Fuller later resigned

📍 Muzaffarpur / Alipore Conspiracy Case (1908) – Bengal
✅ Prafulla Chaki & Khudiram Bose targeted Magistrate Kingsford
✅ Aurobindo Ghosh acquitted
✅ Khudiram Bose executed; Barindra Ghosh given life imprisonment

📍 Barrah Dacoity (1908) – Bengal
✅ Conducted by Dacca Anushilan under Pulin Das to fund revolution

📍 Delhi Conspiracy Case (1912) – Delhi
✅ Rash Behari Bose & Sachindra Sanyal attempted assassination of Viceroy Hardinge
✅ Bomb thrown at Viceroy’s procession

📍 German Plot / Zimmermann Plan (1916–17) – Bengal
✅ Led by Jatindranath Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin) & Yugantar
✅ Planned German arms import during WWI
✅ Used Swadeshi & boat dacoities for funds

📍 Ramosi Peasant Force (1879) – Maharashtra
✅ Organised by Vasudev Balwant Phadke against British rule

📍 Chapekar Brothers Case (1897) – Maharashtra
✅ Damodar & Balkrishna assassinated Plague Commissioner Rand & Lt. Ayerst

📍 Mitra Mela (1899) – Maharashtra
✅ Founded by V. D. Savarkar
✅ Later merged with Abhinav Bharat

📍 Killing of A. M. T. Jackson (1909) – Maharashtra
✅ Anant Laxman Kanhere assassinated Collector Jackson
✅ Led to Kanhere’s execution & Savarkar’s imprisonment

📍 Punjab Extremism – Punjab
✅ Initiated by Lala Lajpat Rai
✅ Leaders included Lala Hardayal & Bhai Parmanand
✅ Turned militant after British repression

📍 Assassination of Robert Ashe (1911) – Madras
✅ Vanchi Iyer killed District Collector Ashe

📍 Bharat Swashasan Samiti / Indian Home Rule Society (1905) – London
✅ Founded by Shyamji Krishnavarma
✅ Associated with Savarkar & Hardayal
✅ Published The Indian Sociologist

📍 Assassination of Curzon-Wyllie (1909) – London
✅ Madanlal Dhingra shot Curzon-Wyllie

📍 Ghadar Party (1913) – San Francisco
✅ Founded by Sohan Singh Bhakna, Lala Hardayal, Kartar Singh Sarabha
✅ Aimed at all-India uprising with German support in WWI
✅ Promoted anti-imperialist literature & armed rebellion

📍 Berlin Committee (1915) – Germany
✅ Led by Virendranath Chattopadhyaya & others under Zimmermann Plan
✅ Planned rebellion & foreign invasion of British India

📍 Missions to Kabul, Persia, Turkey
✅ Led by Raja Mahendra Pratap, Barkatullah & Obeidullah Sindhi
✅ Tried forming Provisional Government of India in Kabul

📍 Singapore Mutiny (15 Feb 1915) – Singapore
✅ Led by Jamadar Chisti Khan & others (5th Light Infantry)
✅ Suppressed; resulted in executions & life sentences

#history #prelims #mains

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UPSC History

Mar 31, 2026, 11:40 AM

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