Critical thinking

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Updated: May 25, 2026 at 11:18 AM

Critical thinking

Contacts ✉️ @penalty Navigation: #CognitiveBiases #Psychology #Books #LogicalFallacy #Explanations

@feedbrain is a growing community focused on penalty and psychology and related topics

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Critical thinking

Apr 23, 2026, 08:14 PM

Apophenia
(reading time – 20 sec.)

Apophenia is the tendency to perceive meaningful connections between unrelated things

For example, gamblers may imagine that they see patterns in the numbers that appear in lotteries, card games, or roulette wheels, where no such patterns exist. A common example of this is the gambler's fallacy.

Topic: #CognitiveBiases
Source: http://www.wikipedia.org/

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Critical thinking

Apr 23, 2026, 08:14 PM

Fundamental Attribution Error
(reading time – 20 sec.)

The fundamental attribution error (FAE) describes how, when making judgments about people’s behavior, we often overemphasize dispositional factors and downplay situational ones.5 In other words, we believe that people’s personality traits have more influence on their actions, compared to the other factors over which they don’t have control.

Let’s say you’re driving to work one day, and somebody cuts you off. Furious, you decide that the other driver is a selfish person, who doesn’t care about other people’s safety. In fact, the other driver rarely cuts people off, and normally they are very careful about safety—but right now they’re on the way to a hospital for a family emergency, so they’re acting differently than they usually would.

Topic: #CognitiveBiases
Source: http://thedecisionlab.com/

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Critical thinking

Apr 23, 2026, 08:14 PM

Neglect of probability
(reading time – 40 sec.)

Very few of us have a problem getting into a car and going for a drive, but many of us experience great trepidation about stepping inside an airplane and flying at 35,000 feet.

Flying, quite obviously, is a wholly unnatural and seemingly hazardous activity. Yet virtually all of us know and acknowledge the fact that the probability of dying in an auto accident is significantly greater than getting killed in a plane crash — but our brains won't release us from this crystal clear logic (statistically, we have a 1 in 84 chance of dying in a vehicular accident, as compared to a 1 in 5,000 chance of dying in an plane crash [other sources indicate odds as high as 1 in 20,000]).

It's the same phenomenon that makes us worry about getting killed in an act of terrorism as opposed to something far more probable, like falling down the stairs or accidental poisoning.

This is what the social psychologist Cass Sunstein calls probability neglect — our inability to properly grasp a proper sense of peril and risk — which often leads us to overstate the risks of relatively harmless activities, while forcing us to overrate more dangerous ones.

Topic: #CognitiveBiases
Source: http://wikipedia.org/

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Critical thinking

Apr 23, 2026, 08:14 PM

Choice-supportive biase
(reading time – 30 sec.)

Choice-supportive bias or post-purchase rationalization is the tendency to retroactively ascribe positive attributes to an option one has selected and/or to demote the forgone options.

It is part of cognitive science, and is a distinct cognitive bias that occurs once a decision is made. For example, if a person chooses option A instead of option B, they are likely to ignore or downplay the faults of option A while amplifying or ascribing new negative faults to option B. Conversely, they are also likely to notice and amplify the advantages of option A and not notice or de-emphasize those of option B.

Real life example: IPhone owners tend to think that their devices better than Android owners have. And vice versa

Topic: #CognitiveBiases
Source: http://wikipedia.org/

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Critical thinking

Apr 23, 2026, 08:14 PM

Empathy Gap
(reading time – 1 min.)

The empathy gap is a cognitive bias that causes people to struggle to understand mental states that are different from their present state, or to struggle to consider how such states affect people’s judgment and decision-making. Essentially, the empathy gap means that when people are in a certain mental state (e.g. happy or angry), they struggle to understand the perspective or predict the actions of someone who is in a different mental state, whether that person is their future self or someone else.

For example, if a person is currently feeling calm, the empathy gap can cause them to struggle to predict how they will act when they’re angry. Similarly, if a person who is on a diet is currently full, the empathy gap can cause them to struggle to assess how well they will be able to handle the temptation to eat when they’re hungry.

Furthermore, when it comes to misjudging other people’s perspective, the empathy gap can cause someone who feels safe to struggle to imagine the perspective of someone who feels scared. Similarly, the empathy gap can cause someone who is looking for a fight to struggle to imagine the perspective of someone who is looking for a peaceful solution.

Topic: #CognitiveBiases
Source: http://effectiviology.com/

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Critical thinking

Apr 23, 2026, 08:14 PM

Overconfidence phenomenon
(reading time – 30 sec.)

The phenomenon occurs when people's confidence in their abilities is greater than their accuracy. In other words, people are more confident in their judgment than they are correct

For example, at work, people assume themselves to be better than most others. Due to this overconfidence, the need to learn and improve seems unnecessary. Over a while, employees stagnate at what they do. This leads to lower annual raises, lack of promotions or even layoffs. In such scenarios, people blame their organization or their bosses but never themselves.


Topic: #CognitiveBiases
Source: http://verywellmind.com/

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Critical thinking

Apr 23, 2026, 08:14 PM

Identifiable Victim Effect
(reading time – 30 sec.)

The identifiable victim effect describes the likelihood that we feel greater empathy, and an urge to help, in situations where tragedies are about a specific, identifiable individual, compared to situations where the victims are a larger, vaguer group of people.

Joseph Stalin, the former Premier of the Soviet Union, is often attributed to have introduced the idea of the identifiable victim effect when he made the statement:

“A single death is a tragedy, a million deaths is a statistic.”

Topic: #CognitiveBiases
Source: http://thedecisionlab.com/

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Critical thinking

Apr 23, 2026, 08:14 PM

Hi subscribers!

I often receive messages where you ask me to recommend books or other resources regarding psychology and critical thinking.

I decided to post recommendations on this channel which you will be able to find under #Books tag

The first author I would like you to recommend is Daniel Khaneman. He is an Israeli psychologist and economist notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, as well as behavioral economics, for which he was awarded the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

He has written a book (which you probably already heard about) Thinking, Fast and Slow. This book is really mustread for everybody interested in cognitive biases.

You can get acknowledged with this and his other books here - http://amzn.to/36oww7v

Topic: #Books

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Critical thinking

Apr 23, 2026, 08:14 PM

Representativeness Heuristic
(reading time – 30 sec.)

The representativeness heuristic involves estimating the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds. This prototype is what we think is the most relevant or typical example of a particular event or object. The problem with this is that people often overestimate the similarity between the two things they are comparing.

When making decisions or judgments, we often use mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" known as heuristics. For every decision, we don't always have the time or resources to compare all the information before we make a choice, so we use heuristics to help us reach decisions quickly and efficiently

Representativeness can affect the judgments we make when meeting new people. It may lead us to form inaccurate impressions of others, such as misjudging a new acquaintance or blind date

Topic: #CognitiveBiases
Source: http://verywellmind.com/

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Critical thinking

Apr 23, 2026, 08:14 PM

The Bizarreness Effect
(reading time – 40 sec.)

People show better memory for bizarre sentences relative to common sentences, a finding referred to as the bizarrness effect.

Interestingly, this effect is typically only obtained using a mixed-list design, in which participants study common and bizarre sentences in the same list.

Participants studied common sentences in one room under one set of instructions, and bizarre sentences in another room under another set of instructions. At test, participants recalled the common and bizarre sentences either together or separately.

The results showed that the bizarreness effect was only obtained when participants recalled the common and bizarre items together

Topic: #CognitiveBiases
Source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13421-013-0335-4

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