GASTROENTEROLOGY

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Updated: May 4, 2026 at 5:52 PM

GASTROENTEROLOGY

@GITandLIVER2024 is a dedicated channel for Medizin with regular updates in Medizin

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GASTROENTEROLOGY

27. Apr. 2026, 15:12

👨🏻‍⚕Q: What are the causes of jaundice?
🧑🏼‍⚕A: Causes of jaundice: Varies according to types.
Jaundice in sclera Jaundice in body Jaundice in palm
A.  Causes of Prehepatic jaundice:
1.  Excess production of bilirubin (due to breakdown of RBC)—It is found in haemolytic
anaemia due to any cause.
2.  Reduced hepatic uptake of bilirubin or impaired conjugation:
• Gilbert syndrome.
• Drugs—sulphonamides, penicillin, rifampicin.
• Crigler–Najjar syndrome Type 1 and 2.
• Physiological jaundice of newborn.
B.  Causes of Hepatocellular jaundice:
1.  Viral hepatitis due to A, B, C, D, E, other virus such as EBV, CMV, Yellow fever, dengue,
(Nonviral infections e.g., leptospirosis, Q fever).
2.  Drugs—Antitubercular drugs (rifampicin, pyrazinamide, INH), Phenothiazines
(chlorpromazine, haloperidol), Cyclosporine, Alcohol.
3.  Metabolic—Wilson’s disease, haemochromatosis.
4.  Autoimmune hepatitis.
5.  Inherited disorders (Dubin–Johnson syndrome, Rotor syndrome).
C.  Causes of Posthepatic or Obstructive jaundice:
1.  Extrahepatic:
• Choledocholithiasis.
• Carcinoma of head of pancreas.
• Cholangiocarcinoma.
• Periampullary carcinoma.
• Extrahepatic biliary atresia.
• Round worm in common bile duct.
• Biliary stricture (due to trauma, sclerosing cholangitis).
2.  Intrahepatic:
• Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis.
• Viral hepatitis (causes transient intrahepatic cholestasis).

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27. Apr. 2026, 15:12

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GASTROENTEROLOGY

27. Apr. 2026, 15:12

Q: What is jaundice? Why upper sclera is seen in jaundice?
A:It is a clinical condition characterized by yellow discolouration of skin and mucous membrane
due to excess bilirubin in the blood. Clinically, jaundice is seen when serum bilirubin is .3 mg/dL.
If it is ,2.5 mg/dL, called subclinical (or anicteric hepatitis). Jaundice should be seen in natural
daylight. Bilirubin has strong affinity for elastic tissue, sclera contains plenty of elastic tissue (also
in the skin). So, it is seen in sclera.
Q: What are the types of jaundice?
A:Jaundice is 3 types:
1. Prehepatic (predominantly unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia).
2. Hepatocellular (both conjugated and unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia).
3. Posthepatic or obstructive (predominantly conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia).

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GASTROENTEROLOGY

27. Apr. 2026, 15:12

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GASTROENTEROLOGY

27. Apr. 2026, 15:12

👨‍⚕What is Causes of localized abdominal distension

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GASTROENTEROLOGY

27. Apr. 2026, 15:12

👨‍⚕ Q:What are the causes of abdominal distension?
See

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GASTROENTEROLOGY

27. Apr. 2026, 15:12

👨‍⚕ Q:What are the causes of abdominal distension? See

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GASTROENTEROLOGY

27. Apr. 2026, 15:12

👨‍⚕Q: Why it is ascites?

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GASTROENTEROLOGY

27. Apr. 2026, 15:12

👨‍⚕Q: Why it is ascites?

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GASTROENTEROLOGY

27. Apr. 2026, 15:12

Presentation of a Case:
• There is generalized distension of abdomen, flanks are full, umbilicus is everted.
• Shifting dullness is present.
• Fluid thrill is present
• No hepatosplenomegaly
Diagnosis is Ascites

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