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Updated: May 18, 2026 at 10:03 PM

Mitra's IAS General Studies

Mentors of Mitra's IAS share their best notes , strategies and other useful content for UPSC aspirants. Mitra's IAS- The most Ethical and Accessible coaching in India. Visit- mitrasias.com or Call- 01145505509, 8826469839

@mitras_ias_upsc_mentoring is a dedicated channel for notes and useful with regular updates in UPSC & SSC

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Mitra's IAS General Studies

May 3, 2026, 09:44 AM

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (Amritsar Massacre) took place on 13th April 1919, in which British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed peaceful Indians in an open space killing hundreds of people. The crowd had gathered to at the park to protest against the Rowlatt Act and arrest of pro independence activists( Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal). General Dyer blocked the only exit and ordered his men to shoot at the crowd of men women children and senior citizens. The troops kept on firing until ammunition was exhausted.
This horrific Massacre is a never healing wound and was aturning point of Indian nationalist movement .

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Mitra's IAS General Studies

May 3, 2026, 09:44 AM

✅Canonical texts - Directly linked to Buddha's life. e.g, Tripitaka.
✅Non - canonical texts - Not linked directly to the Buddha, but commentaries, observations on canonical texts, historical information and other writings in different languages, e.g., Jataka tales.

Canonical texts
✅Tripitaka
✅Sutta pitaka - Buddha's teachings.

(Nikaya - Digha, Majjima, Samyutta, Anguttara, Khudaka)

✅Vinaya Pitaka - Rules and regulations for those who joined the sangha or monastic order (Suttavibhaga, Khandhaka, Parivara)
✅Abhidhamma Pitaka - deals with Philosophic matters.

(Dhamma-sangani, Vibhanga, Dhatu-katha, Puggala-pannatti, Katha-vatthu, Yamaka, Patthana)

✅Non - canonical texts
Milinda Panho - A dialouge between Indo-Greek King Milinda and Buddhist Monk Nagasena, in Pali Language.
✅Nettipakarana - Guidance book.
✅Visuddhimagga - The Path to Purity by Buddhaghosa
✅Nidanakatta - First connected life story of Buddha
✅Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa - Discriptions of Buddha's life (historical cum mythological account)
✅Mahavastu - Biography of Buddha (in mixed Sanskrit and Prakrit language)

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Mitra's IAS General Studies

May 3, 2026, 09:44 AM

📷 Photo

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Mitra's IAS General Studies

May 3, 2026, 09:44 AM

⏳ 39 days only left CSP25 [ 25-05-25]
⏳128 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]

⏳4 day left GPSC prelims 20 April
⏳3 day Opsc mains 19th April
⏳9 day left BPSC mains 25 April
⏳54 days left ESE Prelims
⏳55 days Mppsc mains 2025, 9 June
⏳62 days left RAS mains 17 june
⏳74 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳103 days UPPSC RO ARO 27 July
⏳179 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct

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Mitra's IAS General Studies

May 3, 2026, 09:44 AM

🔆 Harappan Sites

📍 Harappa
✅ Explored by: Dayaram Sahani in 1921-1923
✅ Location and Facts: On the bank of river Ravi, important finding includes human statute and bullock cart. Stone dancing Natraja and Cemetery-37 have been excavated here.

📍 Mohenjodaro
✅ Explored by: Rakaldas Banerji in 1922
✅ Location and Facts: On the Bank of river Indus, the important findings are great bath and granary. Pashupati Mahadeva (Proto Shiva) seal and fragment of woven cotton have been excavated.

📍 Chanudaro
✅ Explored by: Gopal Majumdar in 1931
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the Bank of river Indus in Sindh, Pakistan. It is the only Indus Site with no Citadel. Bronze figurines of bullock cart and ekkas and a small pot suggesting a kink well have been excavated. The important findings are bead makers shop.

📍 Lothal
✅ Explored by: Ranganath Rao in 1954
✅ Location and Facts: In Gujarat on the Bhogva river, an important finding is, it was the first man-made port. City was divided into Citadel and the lower town and dockyard. Evidence of rice has been found here.

📍 Kalibanga (Black Bangles), Rajasthan
✅ Explored by: BB Lal in 1961
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Ghaggar. Evidence of ploughed field, wooden furrow, seven fire-altars, bones of camel and two types of burials (Circular grave and rectangular grave) have been found.

📍 Dholavira
✅ Explored by: JP Joshi in 1967-68
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Luni of Kachchh district in Gujarat. Evidence of unique water management system, Harappan inscription and stadium has been found here.

📍 Surkotada (Gujarat)
✅ Explored by: JP Joshi in 1972
✅ Location and Facts: Situated between the rivers Sabarmati and the Bhogavo. Evidence of horse, oval grave and pit burial has been found here.

📍 Banawali (Haryana)
✅ Explored by: RS Bisht in 1973
✅ Location and Facts: Situated on the bank of river Saraswati. Evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture and barley with good quality has been found here.

#history

Mitra's IAS General Studies

May 3, 2026, 09:44 AM

Why do we fail?

We know, but don't act.

We imitate, not express.

We fear, instead of face.

We resist change, not flow.

We seek approval, not truth.

We quit too soon.

The most important reason is- we take actions but don't prepare ourselves to sustain the action.

To do one thing properly, we need to have ten other ingredients. If you want to master one discipline, you have to master your entire day.

Nothing is achieved separately.

The climb teaches one thing:
Do not rush. Make each step with absolute awareness, enjoy the view, and keep on moving.

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Mitra's IAS General Studies

May 3, 2026, 09:44 AM

The Great Green wall

The photo above shows the great green wall between Mauritania and Senegal(between Sahara and Sahel Region).

The great green wall is built on the phenomenon called Syntropic Farming to make a wall mimicking a forest to stop the soutwards advance of Sahara.

Objective: The Great Green Wall initiative aims to combat desertification, land degradation, and climate change by creating a mosaic of green and productive landscapes across 8,000 kilometers (approximately 5,000 miles) in Africa, from Senegal in the west to Djibouti in the east.

Countries Involved: More than 20 African countries are part of this ambitious project, including Senegal, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, and Djibouti. These countries collaborate to restore 100 million hectares of degraded land.

International Organizations: Several international organizations support the Great Green Wall initiative, including:

The African Union (AU): A key partner in coordinating efforts and mobilizing political support.

The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD): Provides technical and financial support and raises awareness globally.
The World Bank: Offers funding and technical assistance to various components of the project.
The European Union (EU): Contributes financial resources and policy support.
The Global Environment Facility (GEF): Provides grants to fund restoration projects within the initiative.

Environmental Impact: The project aims to sequester 250 million tons of carbon dioxide, thereby mitigating the effects of climate change. Additionally, it seeks to halt the southward expansion of the Sahara Desert, protect biodiversity, and replenish groundwater sources.

Economic and Social Benefits: The Great Green Wall initiative is expected to create 10 million green jobs in rural areas, providing economic opportunities and improving food security for millions of people. It also fosters community resilience and enhances livelihoods by promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

Mitra's IAS General Studies

May 3, 2026, 09:44 AM

📷 Photo

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Mitra's IAS General Studies

May 3, 2026, 09:44 AM

🔆 PM-WANI (Prime Minister WiFi Network Interface)

📍 Launched: 2020
📍 Objective:
✅ To enhance the proliferation of public Wi-Fi hotspots to create robust digital communications infrastructure, especially in rural areas.

📍 PM-WANI Ecosystem: Consists of four parts:
✅ Public Data Office (PDO)
✅ Public Data Office Aggregator (PDOA)
✅ App Provider
✅ Central Registry

📍 Roles:
✅ PDO establishes the Wi-Fi Hotspots and provides internet access to users.
✅ PDOA provides authorisation and accounting services to PDOs.
✅ The App Provider displays the available hotspots in the phone’s proximity.
✅ The Central Registry, overseen by the Centre for Development of Telematics, maintains details of App Providers, PDOs, and PDOAs.

📍 How can individuals access the PM-WANI internet?
✅ To access public hotspots under the scheme, one needs to download a relevant App that shows available networks.
✅ The user can then choose from a list of available connections and make a payment to use the network.
✅ The user can access the network till his/her balance is exhausted.


#Government_Scheme

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Mitra's IAS General Studies

May 3, 2026, 09:44 AM

"Watch your thoughts; they become words. Watch your words; they become actions. Watch your actions; they become habit. Watch your habits; they become character. Watch your character; it becomes your destiny."

Lao Tzu

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