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GK GS PDF UPSC

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GK GS PDF UPSC

May 12, 2026, 10:00 AM

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📌 DHAR COMMISSION

#Unionanditsterritories

🔸️ There has been a demand from different regions, particularly South India, for reorganisation of states on linguistic basis.

🔸️ Accordingly, in June 1948, the Government of India appointed the Linguistic Provinces Commission under the chairmanship of S. K. Dhar to examine the feasibility of this.

🔸️ The commission submitted its report in December, 1948, and recommended the reorganisation of states on the basis of administrative convenience rather than linguistic factor.

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GK GS PDF UPSC

May 12, 2026, 10:00 AM

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📌 J. V. P COMMITTEE.

#Unionanditsterritories

🔸️ Dhar commission report created much resentment and led to the appointment of another Linguistic Provinces Committee by the Congress in December, 1948, itself to examine the whole question afresh.

🔸️ It consisted of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallahbhai Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramayya and hence, was popularly known as JVP Committee.

🔸️ It submitted its report in April, 1949, and formally rejected language as the basis for reorganisation of states.

🔸️ However, in October, 1953, the Government of India was forced to create the first linguistic state, known as Andhra state, by separating the Telugu speaking areas from the Madras state.

🔸️ This followed a prolonged popular agitation and the death of Potti Sriramulu, a Congress person of standing, after a 56-day hunger strike for the cause.

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GK GS PDF UPSC

May 12, 2026, 10:00 AM

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▪︎UNION and ITS TERRITORIES.

📌 ARTICLE 4

🔸️ Article 4 itself declares that laws made for admission or establishment of new states (under Article 2) and formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing states (under Articles 3) are not to be considered as amendments of the Constitution under Article 368.

🔸️ This means that such laws can be passed by a simple majority and by the ordinary legislative process.

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GK GS PDF UPSC

May 12, 2026, 10:00 AM

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📌 INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATE.

#Unionanditsterritories

🔸️ At the time of independence, India comprised two categories of political units, namely, the British provinces (under the direct rule of British government) and the princely states (under the rule of native princes but subject to the paramountcy of the British Crown).

🔸️ The Indian Independence Act (1947) created two independent and separate dominions of India and Pakistan and gave three options to the princely states which are :-

• joining India, joining Pakistan or remaining independent.

🔸️ Of the 552 princely states situated within the geographical boundaries of India, 549 joined India and the remaining 3 (Hyderabad, Junagarh and Kashmir) refused to join India.

🔸️ However, in course of time, they were also integrated with India–Hyderabad by means of police action, Junagarh by means of referendum and Kashmir by the Instrument of Accession.

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GK GS PDF UPSC

May 12, 2026, 10:00 AM

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▪︎UNION and ITS TERRITORIES

📌 ARTICLE 2

🔸️ Article 2 empowers the Parliament to ‘admit into the Union of India, or establish, new states on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit’.

🔸️ Thus, Article 2 grants two powers to the Parliament: (a) the power to admit into the Union of India new states; and (b) the power to establish new states.

🔸️ The first refers to the admission of
states which are already in existence, while the second refers to the establishment of states which were not in existence before.

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GK GS PDF UPSC

May 12, 2026, 10:00 AM

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▪︎UNION and ITS TERRITORIES.

📌 PARLIAMENT’S POWER TO REORGANISE THE STATES. (ARTICLE - 3)

🔸️ Article 3 authorises the Parliament to:

(a) form a new state by separation of territory from any state or by uniting two or more states or parts of states or by uniting any territory to a part of any state;

(b) increase the area of any state;

(c) diminish the area of any state;

(d) alter the boundaries of any state; and

(e) alter the name of any state.

🔸️ However, Article 3 lays down two conditions in this regard: one, a bill contemplating the above changes can be introduced in the Parliament only with the prior recommendation of the President;

🔸️ and two, before recommending the bill, the President has to refer the same to the state legislature concerned for expressing its views within a specified period.

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GK GS PDF UPSC

May 12, 2026, 10:00 AM

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✏️ DEMOCRATIC DECENTRALISATION IN URBAN AREAS

#Salientfeaturesofconstitution

🔶 India, like many other developing countries, has been experiencing rapid growth in recent decades. India’s urban population, which was hardly 10 percent at the beginning of the 20th century, reached 26 percent in nine decades.

🔶 Municipal bodies like the panchayats are not functioning effectively as units of local government due to structural, functional and financial constraints.

🔶 From time to time many committees and commissions are appointed to suggest measures to revitalize them. Almost all committees recommended strengthening the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).

🔶 To strengthen urban governance, parliament enacted 74th Constitutional Amendment Act 1992. This Act provided constitutional recognition is a milestone in the history of Urban Local Bodies.

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GK GS PDF UPSC

May 12, 2026, 10:00 AM

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📌 UNION OF STATES.

#Unionanditsterritories

🔸️ Article 1 describes India, that is, Bharat as a ‘Union of States’ rather than a ‘Federation of States’.

🔸️ This provision deals with two
things: one, name of the country; and two, type of polity. There was no unanimity in the Constituent Assembly with regard to the name of the country.

🔸️ Some members suggested the
traditional name (Bharat), while other advocated the modern name (India). Hence, the Constituent Assembly had to adopt a mix of both (‘India, that is, Bharat’)

🔸️ Secondly, the country is described as ‘Union’ although its Constitution is federal in structure.

🔸️ According to Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the phrase ‘Union of States’ has been preferred to ‘Federation of States’ for two reasons:

• one, the Indian Federation is not the result of an agreement among the states like the American Federation;

• and two, the states have no right to secede from the federation. The federation is an Union because it is indestructible.

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GK GS PDF UPSC

May 12, 2026, 10:00 AM

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▪︎UNION and ITS TERRITORIES.

📌 ARTICLE 1

🔸️ According to Article 1, the territory of India can be classified into three categories :-

1. Territories of the states.

2. Union territories.

3. Territories that may be acquired by the Government of India at any time.

🔸️ The names of states and union territories and their territorial extent are mentioned in the first schedule of the Constitution.

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GK GS PDF UPSC

May 12, 2026, 10:00 AM

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✏️73rd AMENDMENT ACT

#Salientfeaturesofconstitution

🔶 The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act was passed by the Parliament in April 1993. The Amendment provided a Constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj Institutions in India through insertion of Article 243 to Part IX of Indian Constitution.

🔶 The Act was enforced upon all the state governments through Constitutional Amendment in Article 243 M, that all states should amend their Panchayat Acts in conformity with the Constitutional provisions.

🔶 It was meant to provide constitutional sanction to establish "democracy at the grassroots level as it is at the state level or national level"

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GK GS PDF UPSC

Mar 29, 2026, 08:12 AM

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Mar 29, 2026, 08:12 AM

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GK GS PDF UPSC

Mar 29, 2026, 08:12 AM

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GK GS PDF UPSC

Mar 29, 2026, 08:12 AM

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Mar 29, 2026, 08:12 AM

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Mar 29, 2026, 08:12 AM

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GK GS PDF UPSC

Mar 29, 2026, 08:12 AM

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GK GS PDF UPSC

Mar 29, 2026, 08:12 AM

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🚨 1st Test is LIVE NOW! 🚨

Don’t miss it attempt the test on the App.

For Attempt: 📱 https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ieqvnd.slipim&pcampaignid=web_share

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GK GS PDF UPSC

Mar 29, 2026, 08:12 AM

📎 File

📘 Prelims Test Series – Test 1 (Ancient History) Notes Uploaded

Dosto, apni Prelims Test Series ki pehli test – Ancient History (Test No. 1) ke complete notes yahan upload kiye gaye hain.

🎯 Please make sure to prepare these notes thoroughly before attempting the test.

Isme saare important topics covered hain – Prehistoric Culture, Harappan Civilization, Vedic Age, Jain–Buddhist Movements, Mauryan Empire, Post-Mauryan States & Gupta Era tak.

Prepare well & then attempt the test for best results! 💯☀️

Note: For full notes, please go on the 📱 https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ieqvnd.slipim&pcampaignid=web_share

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GK GS PDF UPSC

Mar 29, 2026, 08:12 AM

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