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International Medical Case Presentation Channel
May 24, 2026, 06:45 AM
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CXR showing multiple lung abscesses
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
This pus-filled cavity is often caused by aspiration, which may occur during anesthesia, sedation, or unconsciousness from injury. Alcoholism is the most common condition predisposing to lung abscesses.
Lung abscess is considered primary (60%) when it results from existing lung parenchymal process and is termed secondary when it complicates another process e.g. vascular emboli or follows rupture of extrapulmonary abscess into lung.
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International Medical Case Presentation Channel
May 24, 2026, 06:45 AM
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Tonsil stones, also known as tonsilloliths, are mineralizations of debris within the crevices of the tonsils. When not mineralized, the presence of debris is known as chronic caseous tonsillitis. Symptoms may include bad breath. Generally there is no pain, though there may be the feeling of something present.
Risk factors may include recurrent throat infections. Tonsil stones contain a biofilm composed of a number of different bacteria. While they most commonly occur in the palatine tonsils, they may also occur in the lingual tonsils. They are often discovered during medical imaging for other reasons.
If tonsil stones do not bother the patient, no treatment is needed. Otherwise gargling salt water and manual removal may be tried. Chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride may also be tried. Surgical treatment may include partial or complete tonsil removal.
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International Medical Case Presentation Channel
May 24, 2026, 06:45 AM
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Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis is the impaired liver function caused by the formation of scar tissue known as fibrosis, due to damage caused by liver disease. Damage causes tissue repair and subsequent formation of scar tissue, which over time can replace normal functioning tissue leading to the impaired liver function of cirrhosis.
Typically, the disease develops slowly over months or years. Early symptoms may include tiredness, weakness, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, nausea and vomiting, and discomfort in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. As the disease worsens, symptoms may include itchiness, swelling in the lower legs, ascites, jaundice, bruising easily, and the development of spider-like blood vessels in the skin. The fluid build-up in the abdomen may become spontaneously infected. More serious complications include hepatic encephalopathy, bleeding from dilated veins in the esophagus, stomach or intestines, and liver cancer.
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International Medical Case Presentation Channel
May 24, 2026, 06:45 AM
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Abdominal x-ray radiography showing air-fluid levels representative of "small bowel obstruction"
When obstruction occurs, both fluid and gas collect in the intestine. They produce a characteristic pattern called "air-fluid levels". The air rises above the fluid and there is a flat surface at the "air-fluid" interface.
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When a blood clot obstructs an artery in the brain, it causes a stroke.
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International Medical Case Presentation Channel
May 24, 2026, 06:45 AM
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Rheumatic mitral stenosis
Mitral stenosis is a form of valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve orifice. The most common cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever. Mitral stenosis causes obstruction to blood flow from the left atrium to left ventricle. As a result, there is an increase in pressures in the left atrium, pulmonary vasculature, and right side of the heart, while the left ventricle is unaffected in isolated mitral stenosis. The most common cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic heart disease with mitral commissural fusion; thickened mitral valve leaflets and thickening, shortening, fusion, and calcification of the chordae tendineae.
Patients with mitral stenosis prompts a series of hemodynamic changes that frequently cause deterioration of the patient's clinical status.
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Torus Palatinus
A torus palatinus (pl. tori palatini) is a bony protrusion on the palate. Palatal tori are usually present on the midline of the hard palate. Most palatal tori are less than 2 cm in diameter, but their size can change throughout life.
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