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Philosophy and Wisdom
Apr 29, 2026, 02:08 AM
A happy life must be to a great extent a quiet life, for it is only in an atmosphere of quiet that true happiness dare live.
Bernard Russell
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Philosophy and Wisdom
Apr 29, 2026, 02:08 AM
Philosophy should show us the hierarchy of our instinctive beliefs, beginning with those we hold most strongly and presenting each as much isolated and as free from irrelevant additions as possible. It should take care to show that, in the form in which they are finally set forth, our instinctive beliefs do not clash but form a harmonious system. There can never be any reason for rejecting one instinctive belief except that it clashes with others; thus, if they are found to harmonise, the whole system becomes worthy of acceptance.
The Problems of Philosophy
Bertrand Russell
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Philosophy and Wisdom
Apr 29, 2026, 02:08 AM
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Human reason has the peculiar fate in one species of its cognitions that it is burdened with questions which it cannot dismiss, since they are given to it as problems by the nature of reason itself, but which it also cannot answer, since they transcend every capacity" of human reason. Reason falls into this perplexity through no fault of its own. It begins from principles whose use is unavoidable in the course of experience and at the same time sufficiently warranted by it. With these principles it rises (as its nature also requires) ever higher, to more remote conditions. But since it becomes aware in this way that its business must always remain incomplete because the questions never cease, reason sees itself necessitated to take refuge in principles that overstep all possible use in experience, and yet seem so unsuspicious that even ordinary common sense agrees with them. But it thereby falls into obscurity and contradictions, from which it can indeed surmise that it must somewhere be proceeding on the ground of hidden errors; but it cannot discover them, for the principles on which it is proceeding, since they surpass the bounds of all experience, no longer recognize any touchstone of experience. The battlefield of these endless controversies is called metaphysics.
Preface
The Critique of Pure Reason
Immanuel Kant
1,810
Philosophy and Wisdom
Apr 29, 2026, 02:08 AM
It is, of course, possible that all or any of our beliefs may be mistaken, and therefore all ought to be held with at least some slight element of doubt. But we cannot have reason to reject a belief except on the
ground of some other belief. Hence, by organising our instinctive beliefs and their consequences, by considering which among them it is most possible, if necessary, to
modify or abandon, we can arrive, on the basis of accepting as our sole data what we instinctively believe, at an orderly systematic organisation of our knowledge, in which, though the possibility of
error remains, its likelihood is diminished by the interrelation of the parts and by the critical scrutiny which has preceded acquiescence.
The Problems of Philosophy
Bertrand Russell
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Philosophy and Wisdom
Apr 29, 2026, 02:08 AM
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In our so-called democracy we are accustomed to give the majority what they want rather than educate them to understand what is best for them.
Carter G. Woodson
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Philosophy and Wisdom
Apr 29, 2026, 02:08 AM
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In whatever way and through whatever means a cognition may relate to objects, that through which it relates immediately to them, and at which all thought as a means is directed as an end, is intuition.
This, however, takes place only insofar as the object is given to us; but this, in turn, is possible only if it affects the mind in a certain way. The capacity (receptivity) to acquire representations through the way in which we are affected by objects, which is called sensibility. Objects are therefore given to us by means of sensibility, and it alone affords us intuitions; but they are thought through the understanding, and from it arise concepts. But all thought, whether straightaway (directe) or through a detour (indirecte), must ultimately be related to intuitions, thus, in our
case, to sensibility, since there is no other way in which objects can be
given to us.
The critique of Pure Reason
Immanuel Kant
1,640
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Philosophy and Wisdom
Apr 29, 2026, 02:08 AM
Thus, every principle of simplicity
urges us to adopt the natural view, that there really are objects other than our selves and our sense-data which have an existence not dependent upon our perceiving
them.
The Problems of Philosophy
Bertrand Russell
1,720
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Philosophy and Wisdom
Apr 29, 2026, 02:08 AM
Of course, it is not by argument that we originally come by our belief in an independent external world. We find this belief ready in ourselves as soon as we begin to reflect: it is what may be called an instinctive belief.
We should never have been led to question this belief but for the fact that, at any rate in the case of sight, it seems as if the sense-datum itself were instinctively believed to be the independent object, whereas argument shows that the object cannot be identical with the sense-datum. This discovery, how-ever— which is not at all paradoxical in the case of taste and smell and sound, and only slightly so in the case of touch — leaves un- diminished our instinctive belief that there are objects corresponding to our sense-data.
The Problems of Philosophy
Bertrand Russell
1,960
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Philosophy and Wisdom
Apr 29, 2026, 02:08 AM
By inventing the method of doubt, and by showing that subjective things are the most certain, Descartes performed a great service to philosophy, and one which makes him still useful to all students of the subject.
The Problems of Philosophy
Bertrand Russell
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Philosophy and Wisdom
Apr 29, 2026, 02:08 AM
Thus, if there are to be public neutral objects, which can be in some sense, known to many different people, there must be something over and above the private and particular sense-data which appear to various people.
The Problems of Philosophy
Bertrand Russel
