UPSC Art and culture

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UPSC Art and culture

The Art and Culture is not only part of Exam Syllabus, it is part of our culture, society, rich heritage and epitome of our glorious past and present times. Join us to learn and explore it. 📞 @studuent_life_bot

@upsc_art_and_culture is a dedicated channel for culture and exam with regular updates in Desi

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UPSC Art and culture

May 14, 2026, 10:40 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

May 14, 2026, 10:40 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

May 14, 2026, 10:40 PM

🔆 Dolmens of Kodaikanal

📍 About Dolmens
✅ Dolmens are megalithic box-like stone structures consisting of a large stone slab placed over vertical stone pillars.
✅ Usually built above the ground and associated with:
◦ Burial chambers
◦ Memorials
◦ Ritual sites

📍 Origin & Timeline
✅ Constructed between 1500–2000 BCE (Pre-Iron Age).
✅ Among the oldest surviving structures in the Palani Hills region.

✅ Linked to early tribal communities such as:
◦ Paliyans
◦ Kurumbas

📍 Historical Importance
✅ Systematically documented in the early 20th century by:
◦ Rev. A. Anglade S. J.
◦ Rev. L. V. Newton S. J.

✅ Their findings were published in the 1928 Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

✅ Excavations at Thandikudi and Pethuparai revealed:
◦ Black-and-red ware pottery
◦ Carnelian beads
◦ Evidence of continuous habitation from Pre-Iron Age to early historic period

📍 Architectural Features
✅ Simple Construction:
◦ Stones were naturally sourced and not finely dressed.

✅ Cap-Stone Design:
◦ Slight slope allowed rainwater runoff, preventing flooding inside chambers.

✅ Strategic Placement:
◦ Built on rocky ridges and slopes for natural stability.

✅ Communication Role:
◦ Some dolmen circles were positioned within torch-signal visibility of each other.

✅ Altitude Factor:
◦ Located at 4000–5000 ft above sea level, suitable for crops like:
▪ Cardamom
▪ Pepper

📍 Significance
✅ Reflects the megalithic culture and ancient settlement patterns of South India.
✅ Important source for understanding prehistoric burial practices and tribal life.

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UPSC Art and culture

May 14, 2026, 10:40 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

May 14, 2026, 10:40 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

May 14, 2026, 10:40 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

May 14, 2026, 10:40 PM

🔆 Mannar Uruli

📍 Context
✅ Prime Minister Narendra Modi mentioned Mannar Uruli in Mann Ki Baat, receiving an enthusiastic response from artisans in Kerala.

📍 About Mannar Uruli
✅ A traditional kitchen vessel crafted in Mannar, Kerala, famous for its rich metal-work heritage.
✅ Traditionally made by skilled artisans using age-old bronze-casting techniques.

📍 Key Features
✅ Made from high-grade bronze, ensuring:
◦ Durability
◦ Efficient heat retention
◦ Safe cooking

✅ Functions as a natural casserole, keeping food warm for long hours.
✅ Known for its thick base and uniform heat distribution.

📍 Applications
✅ Widely used in Kerala for preparing:
◦ Payasam
◦ Deep-fried dishes
◦ Slow-cooked traditional recipes

✅ Its non-toxic bronze composition is considered ideal for traditional cooking.
✅ Available in multiple sizes for both household and ceremonial purposes.

📍 Significance
✅ Represents Kerala’s traditional craftsmanship and cultural heritage.
✅ Supports local artisan communities and indigenous metal industries.

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UPSC Art and culture

May 14, 2026, 10:40 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

May 14, 2026, 10:40 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

May 14, 2026, 10:40 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 4, 2026, 06:59 PM

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🔆 Splendour of the Hoysalas | Karnataka’s Medieval Architectural Glory

The lesser-known Hoysala-era temples across Hassan, Mandya & Mysuru (Karnataka) reflect the artistic brilliance of the Hoysala Dynasty (11th–13th century CE) — beyond the famous Belur, Halebidu & Somanathapura.

🔆 Architectural Features of Hoysala Temples
📍 Built using soft chloritic schist (soapstone)
📍 Star-shaped platforms (stellate plans)
📍 Multiple shrines – ekakuta, dvikuta, trikuta styles
📍 Exquisitely carved pillars, friezes & celestial dancers
📍 Dense epic narratives from Ramayana, Mahabharata

🔆 Important Sites Highlighted

📍 Lakshmidevi Temple, Doddagaddavalli (1114 CE)
✅ Among the earliest surviving Hoysala structures
✅ Rare Mahakali shrine guarded by skeletal betalas (tantric influence)
✅ Four-shrine (chatuskuta) plan dedicated to Lakshmi, Shiva, Vishnu & Kali

📍 Bucheshwara Temple, Koravangala (1173 CE)
✅ Built by Buci in honour of Veera Ballala II
✅ Represents architectural maturity of the Hoysalas

📍 Hulikere Kalyani (12th century)
✅ Stepwell near Halebidu
✅ Illustrates excellence in water architecture

📍 Jain Basadis (Halebidu region)
✅ Parshvanatha (1133 CE), Shantinatha (1192 CE), Adinatha temples
✅ Reflect Jain principles of restraint & clarity

🔆 Cultural Significance
✅ Blend of Shaiva, Vaishnava & Jain traditions
✅ Patronage by merchants & local elites
✅ Showcases transition from early simplicity to later ornate detailing
✅ Demonstrates Karnataka’s role as a major medieval temple-building centre

📝 UPSC Mains Practice Question
Q. Discuss the distinctive features of Hoysala temple architecture. How does it reflect the socio-religious and artistic milieu of medieval Karnataka? (250 words)

#GS1 #art_and_culture

UPSC Art and culture

Apr 4, 2026, 06:59 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 4, 2026, 06:59 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 4, 2026, 06:59 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 4, 2026, 06:59 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 4, 2026, 06:59 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 4, 2026, 06:59 PM

🔆 Tirumala Venkateswara Temple

📍 Location & Deity
✅ Located in Andhra Pradesh at Tirumala hills.
✅ Dedicated to Venkateswara, regarded as an incarnation of Vishnu.
✅ It is among the richest and most visited pilgrimage centres in the world.

📍 Architecture
✅ Built in the Dravidian style of architecture.
✅ The main shrine is crowned by a gold-plated tower known as “Ananda Nilayam”.
✅ The sanctum houses the idol of Lord Venkateswara.

📍 Patronage
✅ The temple received patronage from the Chola rulers.
✅ It expanded significantly during the period of the Vijayanagara Empire through donations and endowments.

📍 Religious Importance
✅ Ramanuja played an important role in reviving temple rituals and strengthening Vaishnavite traditions at Tirumala.
✅ The temple remains one of the most important centres of Sri Vaishnavism.

📍 Tirumala Laddu
✅ Tirumala Laddu is the GI-tagged sacred offering (prasadam) distributed to devotees at the temple.
✅ Recently, it was in the news due to allegations of adulteration.

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 4, 2026, 06:59 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 4, 2026, 06:59 PM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 4, 2026, 06:59 PM

🔆 World Craft City Program

📍 About the Programme
✅ Launched in 2014 by the World Crafts Council.
✅ Aim: To create a global network of craft cities and strengthen the creative economy through traditional crafts and cultural exchange.

📍 Indian Cities Recognised as World Craft Cities
✅ Jaipur – Known for blue pottery, block printing and gemstone crafts.
✅ Mamallapuram – Famous for stone carving and sculpture traditions.
✅ Mysore – Renowned for sandalwood carving, silk and inlay work.
✅ Srinagar – Added in 2024 for its papier-mâché, pashmina and carpet weaving traditions.

📍 World Crafts Council (WCC)
✅ Established in 1964 as an international NGO.
✅ Headquarters: Kuwait City, Kuwait.
✅ Aim: To promote fellowship among craftspeople by providing encouragement, assistance and advice.
✅ Founded by Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay and Aileen Osborn Webb at the first WCC General Assembly in New York in 1964.
✅ WCC is affiliated with UNESCO and functions through five regions: Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America and North America.
✅ The presidency of WCC changes every 4 years.

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549

UPSC Art and culture

Apr 1, 2026, 01:58 AM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 1, 2026, 01:58 AM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 1, 2026, 01:58 AM

🔆 Dravyaratnākara Nighaṇṭu & Dravyanamākara Nighaṇṭu

📍 Context
✅ The Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences has revived two rare Ayurvedic manuscripts:
➡️ Dravyaratnākara Nighaṇṭu
➡️ Dravyanamākara Nighaṇṭu

🔆 Dravyaratnākara Nighaṇṭu

📍 About
✅ An Ayurvedic manuscript belonging to Nighaṇṭu literature.
➡️ Deals with medicinal substances and their uses.

📍 Meaning of Nighaṇṭu
✅ Refers to compilations describing:
• Medicinal drugs
• Synonyms
• Properties
• Parts used

📍 Authorship
✅ Written by Mudgala Pandita
✅ Composed around 1480 CE

📍 Sources
✅ Draws from classical Ayurvedic lexicons such as:
➡️ Dhanvantari Nighantu
➡️ Raja Nighantu

🔆 Dravyanamākara Nighaṇṭu

📍 About
✅ Another Ayurvedic manuscript authored by Bhisma Vaidya

✅ Focuses exclusively on homonyms of drug and plant names.
➡️ Important for identifying medicinal plants correctly in Ayurveda.

✅ Functions as a standalone appendix to the Dhanvantari Nighantu.

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 1, 2026, 01:58 AM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 1, 2026, 01:58 AM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 1, 2026, 01:58 AM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 1, 2026, 01:58 AM

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UPSC Art and culture

Apr 1, 2026, 01:58 AM

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459

UPSC Art and culture

Apr 1, 2026, 01:58 AM

🔆 Six Limbs of Indian Painting (Shadanga)

📍 Concept
The Shadanga (Six Limbs of Painting) were laid down in ancient Indian texts like Vishnudharmottara Purana, forming the foundation of classical Indian art.

📍 Six Limbs Explained

✅ Rupabheda (Form)
➡️ Variety of forms, shapes and appearances of objects

✅ Pramana (Proportion)
➡️ Correct measurement and proportion of figures

✅ Bhava (Expression)
➡️ Emotions, expressions and aesthetic appeal through colours

✅ Lavanya Yojanam (Grace)
➡️ Artistic charm, beauty and emotional harmony in composition

✅ Sadrisyam (Resemblance)
➡️ Likeness or accurate representation of the subject

✅ Varnikabhanga (Colour Application)
➡️ Skillful use, mixing and application of colours and brush

📍 Exam Value 🧠
➡️ Basis of Indian aesthetic theory
➡️ Frequently asked in Art & Culture (Prelims + GS1 Mains)

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536

UPSC Art and culture

Apr 1, 2026, 01:58 AM

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